Phillip G. Janicak, MD
A variety of methods and mechanisms comprise the genre of neuromodulation-device-based therapies most often used to treat refractory depressive disorders. Most of these treatments are still experimental, although several of them, such as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) have been in use for many years. Other neuromodulation therapies include vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and deep brain stimulation.